chapter 1

MEDEIVAL INDIA

The Medieval period is the time between the ancient and the modern periods of history . In India the medieval period lasted from the 8th century to the 18th century (about 1100 years)

• The medieval period is divided into two parts : early medieval and late medieval period.

Early medieval period

• The early medieval period lasted from the 8th to the 13th century
• The powerful ruling dynasties during this periods were;

* The Palas

* The Cholas

*The Pratiharas

*The Rashtrakutas

• The society, economy, polity, religion , and culture of India changed a lot during this period

Late medieval period

• The late medieval period lasted from the 13th to the 18th century
• Some of the powerful ruling dynasties during this period were :

*The Turks

* The Afghans

*The Mughals

• The late medieval period saw the expansion of Islam and Persian culture in India

RED FORT

• The RED FORT is a big, historic palace in Delhi, India.
• It was built in 1600s by the Mughal emperor named Shah Jahan .
• The fort is known for its impressive red stone walls and its beautiful buildings inside.
• Its a major landmark and a symbol of India’s history.

HAMPI

• HAMPI is an ancient city in India, known for its remarkable ruins and historic temples.
• Located in the state of Karnataka ,it was once a major center of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century.
• The site is famous for its stunning architecture , including temples, palaces, and market places, all set in a unique landscape of boulder-strewn hills and rivers.
• Situated on the bank of river Thungabhadra.
• HAMPI is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and attracts many visitors .

MUGHAL RULE

NAME THE MAIN RULERS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD

• BABUR (1526-1530)
• JAHANGIR(1605-1658)
• SHAHJAHAN(1628-1658)
• AURANGZEB(1658-1707)

MUGHAL KINGDOM

The Mughal had a very vast kingdom. In addition to today’s India, The Mughal also spread to the neighboring countries

• AFGHANISTAN
• PAKISTAN
• NEPAL
• BENGLADESH

FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT

In 1526, IBRAHIM LODI ,the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty and BABUR the ruler of kabal fought at Panipat in Haryana. The battle is referred as the first battle of Panipat. BABUR laid the foundation of the Mughal rule in India through this victory.

Q)The name Mughal was derived from the term__________?

MONGOL

Q)Who is the founder of Mughal kingdom?

BABUR

Q)By which war did Babur established Mughal rule in India?

First Battle of Panipat in 1526

Q)Who was the last ruler of Lodhi dynasty?

Ibrahim Lodi

Q)Between whom was the battle of Panipat fought?

Babur and Ibrahim Lodi

Q)After the death of emperor Akbar , the Jesuit priest Pierre Jaric wrote an obituary .What can be understood about Akbar from this note?

1.Akbar was a powerful ruler.

2.He administered equal justice .

3.He considered all religious people equally.

4.He was loved by all.

Q)______Kingdom is known as the city of victory

VIJAYANAGARA

Q)The city of vijayanagara was destroyed in

CE 1565

Q)Which is the historical monument inscribed on the rs50 currency note?

HAMPI

Q)In 1800 the ruins of hampi were discovered by English east India company officer _______?

COLONEL MACKENZIE

Q)Who was the famous ruler of the vijayanagara kingdom?

Krishna Deva Raya

Q) what was Akbar’s aim in building IBADAT KHANA?

• AKBAR the Mughal emperor , built the IBADAT KHANA in 1575 at FATEPUR SIKRI . Scholars and dignitaries of various religions used to gather here. These discussion speak volume about Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance

• By combining the good aspects of all religious , Akbar created DIN-I-ILLAHI is peace to all
• Akbar abolished the religious tax called Jasiah.
• Raja Todermal, Raja Mansingh , Raja Bhagavandas and Birbal were prominent among those who held high positions in the royal court of emperor Akbar

THE MUGHAL ARMY

MANSABDARI SYSTEM OF THE MUGHAL

• During the Mughal period , a strong army was needed to expand the kingdom as well as to maintain the expanded kingdom.
• Mansabdari was the military system implemented by AKBAR for this purpose.
• According to this system ,each officer had a regiment under him.
• The title ‘mansab’ refers to the number of cavalry each officer is required to maintain.
• The rank of the mansab was determined by the number of soldiers to be maintained.

THE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION

• It was during Akbar regime in Mughal rule that an administrative order Was effectively formed.
• The emperor was the sovereign authority of the country the commander in chief ,the law maker and the supreme judge.
• During the Mughal period ,there were no separate court for the administrative of justice as today.
• Instead local religious scholars (Qazi) investigated and adjudicated disputes.
• There who were dissatisfied with the decision had the opportunity to complain directly to the emperor.
• Ministers and head of departments were appointed to advise the king of administrative matters.

SOCIO -ECONOMIC STATUS

• A feudal social system existed at that time society existed at that time society was divided into different strata’s.
• The common man was at the bottom of society with the king at the top.
• Slandered of living of the people depended on wages and income.
• Most of the people were farmers.
• Caste system existed among them each caste had its own customs rituals.
• There existed wide differences in the way of life ,food habits and clothing of people from place to place.
• Rice, wheat ,barley ,sugarcane cotton and oilseeds were the major agricultural products of the time.
• The use of technology and new tools enriched the agricultural sector during the Mughal period. The Persian wheel and canals were widely used for irrigation.

Q) Find out the countries in which Mughal cities are located now?

MUGHAL CITIES	PRESENT COUNTRIES
* Dhaka	*Bangladesh
* Murshidabad	*India
* Lahore	*Pakistan
*Surat	*India
*Agra	*India

ABDUL FAZAL is the author of the books Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama.

Q) Who translated Mahabharata into Persian during the Mughal era?

Dara Shukon the son of the Mughal ruler shah

Q)Give example s for the fusion of Indian architectural style with the Persian style brought here by the Mughals?

The Taj Mahal , Agra fort and Red fort.

Q)The new language formed by the fusion of Persian and Hindi languages?

Urdu

Q)who founded the vijayanagara kingdom?

The Vijayanagara was founded in 1336 CE by the brother Harihara and Bukka.

Q)Who was the famous ruler of the Vijayanagara Kingdom?

Krishna Deva Raya

Q)Write a note about the Vijayanagara Kingdom?

• The Vijayanagara was founded in 1336 CE by the brothers Harihara and Bukka.
• Krishna Deva Raya was the most famous ruler of the powerful and wealthy kingdom of Vijayanagara.
• Vijayanagara ( city of victory ) was the name of both a city and a kingdom.
• The reign of Krishna Deva Raya was a period of imperial expansion and development of the empire.
• A lot of construction works were carried out during his reign.
• Apart from constructing more facilities in the capital city of Hampi, he also built new forts , palaces and temples.

Q)Who authorized the works Amuktamalyada and Jambavati Kalyanam?

Krishna Deva Raya

Q)List out the present day Indian states included in the city of Vijayanagara from the map?

Karnataka , Tamilnadu , AndraPradesh ,Telangana.

Q)Who founded the Vijayanagara empire?

Harihara and Bukka in 1336 CE

Q)What were the four dynasties of vijayanagara empire?

kings of vijayanagara

Sangama dynasty	Harihara, Bukka
saluva dynasty	Narasimha Saluva
Tuluva dynasty	Vira Narasimha ,Krishna deva raya
Aravindu dynasty	Thirumala , Venkita 1

Q)Who found Saluva dynasty?

Narasimha Saluva

Q)Krishna Deva Raya is the ruler of which dynasty?

Taluva dynasty

Q)Name the Portuguese traveler (European traveler)who visited India during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya ?

Barbosa

Q)The period when Krishna Deva Raya ruled Vijayanagara?

1509-1529

Q)What are the important works of Krishna Deva Raya ?

Amuktamalyada

Jambavati Kalyanam

Q)A group of scholars who adorned the court of Krishna Deva Raya ?

Ashtadiggajas

Q)Prepare a note by comparing the religious policies of Akbar and Krishna Deva Raya?

• All religious were treated equally by Akbar and Krishna Deva Raya .
• The people of different religious were allowed to follow their beliefs freely.
• Both rulers have religious tolerance.
• During this period people got equal justice and equal consideration.
• Respect for diversity.

Q)Compare and list the Mansabdari, Amaranayaka practices Mansabdari system?

MANSABDARI SYSTEM

• Mansabdari was the military system implemented by AKBAR.
• Each officer had a regiment under him.
• The title ‘Mansab’ refers to the number of cavalry each officer is required to maintain.
• The rank of the mansab was determined by the number of soldiers to be maintained.
• This system was implemented as an alternative to maintain army paying directly from the state exchequer.
• Mansabdar’s were allotted land according to their ranks.
• The Mansabdar maintain his army by collecting tax from land allotted to them.

AMARA NAYAKA SYSTEM

• The military commanders were known as AMARA NAYAKAS.
• The king allotted lands known as Amaras to them
• The administration of Amara was carried out by AMARA NAYAKAS.
• Amara Nayakas had the right to collect taxes from these areas.

Q)Make a note of the economic situations in the Vijayanagara empire?

1. Vijayanagara was a richest country.
2. The main occupation of the people was Agriculture.
3. Irrigation was provided in the dry areas around Vijayanagara.
4. The Kamalpuram lake,Hiriya canal and the dam across the Thungabhadra river strengthened the agricultural sector
5. The main sources of revenue to the government were land tax, professional tax, building tax, license fees and fines.
6. Vijayanagara was a major trade center in south india
7. The rulers greatly encouraged foreign trade.
8. The trade was done with Portugal , Arabia ,china, and sri lanka.
9. Income from the trade strengthened the economy of the Vijayanagara.

Q) In Vijayanagara local traders involved in horse travelling were known as

Kuthirachetties

Q)What are the main temples built during the Vijayanagara period?

Hazara Ram Temple, hampi

Vitthala swami temple, hampi

Virupaksha temple, hampi

Q)What are the character of temple built during Vijayanagara period?

Dravidian style of sculptures was dominant during this period another important feature of Vijayanagara style of sculptures was the gigantic temple gates known as ‘GOPURAMS’.

Q)Which language was most developed during the Vijayanagara period?

TELUGU